The 19th century was the time of many technical innovations. In the 1870s and 1880s, photography underwent an enormous development. Faster and faster camera shutters and increasingly sensitive photographic materials led to great advances. So-called "snapshots" of moving subjects also became possible. Eadweard Muybridge, a native of England, drew aesthetic inspiration from British photographers such as Lewis Caroll, Julia Margaret Cameron and Roger Fenton. He was a photographer, inventor, entrepreneur and entertainer. Muybridge's invention of special techniques to make motion sequences visible through multiple shots was groundbreaking. In the 19th century USA, he succeeded in a unique career as a photographer. Muybridge created a series of photographs of a galloping horse in 1878. He set up 12 cameras along the racetrack and stretched contact wires across the track. The horse's movements triggered the cameras. This was the birth of serial photography. The photographic pioneer thus revealed secrets that had previously been hidden from the human eye. For example, he succeeded for the first time in proving that a horse at a gallop briefly lifts off the ground with all four hooves.
Along with Ottomar Anschütz, Albert Londe and Étienne-Jules Marey, Muybridge is one of the great pioneers of photography. His photographs of people and animals in motion were revolutionary. With his pictures of individual phases of a movement, he founded chronophotography or serial photography. He signed some of his works with his artist name Helios. The tinkerer refined his photographic process more and more. For example, he used a clockwork mechanism with electronic switches as a shutter release, which rotated in certain time sequences. In 1878, Muybridge achieved another groundbreaking invention: the zoopraxiscope, a precursor of the film projector. It is a disc-shaped stroboscope. Using an incandescent lamp, it projects a series of individual images onto a screen. In Palo Alto (California), the inventor presented his first moving images on a screen to an astonished audience. The photographic pioneer thus also did valuable preliminary work for the development of film technology. In one quote, the visionary already foresaw this development: "In the not too distant future, one will [...] record an entire opera, with all the actors' gestures, facial expressions and singing, as well as the accompanying music, and reproduce it with the aid of a device."
With the support of the University of Pennsylvania, Muybridge launched a scientific project on his motion studies in 1883. To do this, he exposed some 100,000 glass plates containing images of, for example, men wrestling, a nude ballet dancer, or elephants. In this way, he documented in detail all possible movements, such as walking, kicking, hopping, sawing. Using a zoopraxiscope, he brought the people and animals to life in their movements. Muybridge was also extremely careful in the selection of his models and attached great importance to graceful posture. Muybridge's books Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901) are still reprinted today. The movement studies of the photographic pioneer inspired many artists from then until today, for example Edgar Degas, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Bacon.
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.jpg "Jockey on a Galloping Horse von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Nude Male Ballet Dancer, First Ballet Action, Lifting Right Leg (Plate 369) c.1887 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Horse in motion,")
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.jpg "Two Men Wrestling, plate 348 from")
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.jpg "Running von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 666. Ass; Walking; Saddle; A Girl Riding, Zoo von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "A sequence photograph von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Hauling; Dark-Gray Belgian Horse Hansel, 1885 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Movement of the Hand; Beating Time von Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1022737).jpg "Plate 344. Striking a Blow (Right Hand) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Tiger Walking, Plate 729 from Animal Locomotion von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 444. Two Models Shaking Hands and Kissing Each Other von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 347. Wrestling, Graeco-Roman, 1885 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 514. Feeding a Dog von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image Sequence of a Nude Man Walking,")
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.jpg "Galloping Horse, plate 628 from")
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.jpg "Walking and Carrying a 15-lb. Basket on Head, Hands Raised von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man descending stairs, from")
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.jpg "Tenaya Canyon from Union Point, Valley of the Yosemite von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 526. Lifting Ball, Emptying Bucket of Water von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man and horse jumping a fence, plate 640 from")
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.jpg "Plate 406. Two Models, Pouring Bucket of Water Over One von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 134. Descending Stairs, With Basin in Hands von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Lion; Walking von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Descending Stairs, Turning Carrying Bucket of Water von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 94. Ascending Stairs Looking Around; Basin in Hands von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 705. Dog; Trotting; Mastiff von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "American Eagle; Flying Near the Ground von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Studies of Foreshortenings. Horses. Walking. Mahomet. Nos. 119-120 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "One Stride in Eleven Phases, 1881, Illustration from")
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.jpg "Man running, Plate 59 from Animal Locomotion von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 430. Toilet; Taking Off Clothing von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Descending Stairs; Turning Water Jar on Right Shoulder von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Lateral Curvature of Spine; Walking (Plate 562) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Kangaroo; Walking on All-Fours; Change to Jumping (Plate 751) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Dog; Galloping; White Racing Hound Maggie von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 228. Turning & Lifting Water Jar from the Ground von Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1239692).jpg "Plate Number 188. Dancing (fancy) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 528. A, B, C von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 272. Stumbling and Falling on the Ground von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Skeleton of a running horse von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Bow Legs; Boy; Spinal Caries; Girl Walking von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 728. Lioness; Walking; Lion; Lying Down von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Jumping a Hurdle; Saddle; Clearing and Landing von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 698. Antelope; Galloping von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 28. Walking, Carrying 50 lb. Dumb-Bell in Right Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Trotting; Saddle; White Horse, Elberon (Plate 604) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Men Boxing, from the")
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.jpg "Boxing; Open Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1539468).jpg "Acrobat, Vertical")
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.jpg "Woman Opening Umbrella from")
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.jpg "Turning and Ascending Stairs von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Miscellaneous Phases of the Toilet von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Dancing Woman, plate 187 from")
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.jpg "Gallop; Saddle; Bay Horse Daisy (Plate 624) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Placing Chair, Sitting and Flirting a Fan von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion, Plate 305 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 442. Stooping, and Rolling A Stone on the Ground von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 271. Arising from the Ground with a Paper in Left Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Putting the Shot von Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1539469).jpg "Child Bringing a Bouquet to a Woman, 1887 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 407. Two Models, Pouring Bucket of Water Over One von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Acapulco von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Cathedral Spires, Valley of the Yosemite von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 673. Sow; Walking von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Picking Up a Ball and Throwing It von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movement von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Base-ball; Running and Picking Up Ball von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Ascending Incline von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Acrobat, Press Up From Chair von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Jumping; Standing Broad Jump, 1872-1885 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Walking, Turning Around Sweeping the Floor von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Turning and Changing Position While on the Ground von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 729. Tigress; Walking von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Models, 16 Chasing 4 with a Broom von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Hopping On Left Foot von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Hemiplegia; Walking with Crutch von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 772. Ostrich; Walking von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Antelope; Trotting (Plate 697) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-905202).jpg "Boxing; Open Hand (Shoes) von Eadweard Muybridge")
_-_(MeisterDrucke-905202).jpg)
_-_(MeisterDrucke-905649).jpg "Plate 119. Descending Incline, Right Hand on Breast von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate Number 521. A: Walking. B: Ascending a step. C: Throwing the disk. D: Using a shovel. E, F: Using a pick von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Descending Incline, Bucket of Water in Each Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 166. Jumping; Over Man")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal, 1880s von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 648. Jumping Over Three Horses; A,B; Chestnut Horse Hornet von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Descending Incline, 1 in 4 von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Descending Stairs Turning; Pitcher in Left Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Child, Walking and Crawling Upstairs von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Epilepsy; Walking von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Ancient Glacier Channel, Lake Tenaya, Sierra Nevada Mountains von Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-904758).jpg "Boxing; Open Hand (Shoes) von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Turning and Ascending Stairs, Bucket Water in Right Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image sequence of an Ox trotting,")
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.jpg "Plate 125. Descending Stairs von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image sequence of running Greyhounds,")
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.jpg "Ascending Incline, Bucket of Water in Each Hand von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 745. Raccoon; Walking; and Turning Around von Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image sequence of a trotting Deer,")
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.jpg "Plate 476. Child, Sitting Down on the Ground von Eadweard Muybridge")
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